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Background: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic poses a grave threat to refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs).
There is a new shift in political interest in sanitation in India with the newly launched Swacha Bharat Abhiyan on 2 October 2014.
When responding to an emergency situation, ensuring safe excreta disposal is an urgent priority in the disaster relief effort.
The devastating earthquake of 2005 severely damaged over 4000 water and sanitation schemes in northern Pakistan.